Referees handed out 227 yellow cards - the most since 2010, which Nielsen"s Gracenote say is down to stricter refereeing, while only four red cards were shown - the same as in Russia.

But the number of fouls declined for the fourth successive tournament to its lowest level this century at 1,599 - perhaps a reflection of referees being encouraged to let play flow.

A total of 23 penalties were awarded at an average of 0.36 per match - including three in the final - but that was actually down on the 2018 World Cup in Russia, the first with Video Assistant Referee (VAR) technology.

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